The Graduateship Examination in Economics is an assessment designed to evaluate candidates’ understanding of various economic principles, theories, and applications. It covers a wide range of topics within the field of economics, including microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, international economics, and economic policy. Below is an overview of what the examination may encompass:

1. Microeconomics:

• Supply and demand analysis.
• Consumer theory: utility maximization, indifference curves, and budget constraints.
• Producer theory: production functions, cost curves, and profit maximization.
• Market structures: perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition.

1. Macroeconomics:

• National income accounting: GDP, GNP, and related measures.
• Aggregate demand and aggregate supply.
• Fiscal policy: government spending, taxation, and budget deficits.
• Monetary policy: money supply, central banking, interest rates, and inflation.

1. Economic Theory and Models:

• Classical, Keynesian, and neoclassical economic theories.
• Economic models: equilibrium analysis, IS-LM model, AD-AS model.
• Rational expectations and economic forecasting.
• Behavioral economics: decision-making under uncertainty, bounded rationality.

1. Econometrics:

• Statistical methods in economics.
• Regression analysis: simple linear regression, multiple regression.
• Time series analysis: trend analysis, seasonal decomposition, forecasting.
• Panel data analysis and instrumental variables.

1. International Economics:

• Theory of comparative advantage and international trade.
• Balance of payments accounting.
• Exchange rates and the foreign exchange market.
• International capital flows and financial globalization.

1. Development Economics:

• Theories of economic development.
• Poverty, inequality, and development indicators.
• Economic growth models.
• Development policies and strategies.

1. Economic Policy Analysis:

• Policy evaluation techniques.
• Public policy analysis: welfare economics, cost-benefit analysis.
• Regulatory economics and antitrust policy.
• Environmental and resource policy.

1. Game Theory and Strategic Behavior:

• Basics of game theory.
• Strategic interactions: simultaneous and sequential games.
• Nash equilibrium and its applications.
• Behavioral game theory.

1. Labor Economics:

• Labor market theories and institutions.
• Wage determination and human capital theory.
• Unemployment: types, causes, and policy responses.
• Labor market discrimination and inequality.

1. Financial Economics:
   • Financial markets and institutions.
   • Asset pricing models: CAPM, APT.
   • Corporate finance: capital structure, dividend policy.
   • Financial risk management.

The Graduateship Examination in Economics aims to assess candidates’ knowledge, analytical skills, and ability to apply economic concepts to real-world problems. Successful completion of this examination may lead to recognition or certification in various economics-related professions or academic pursuits.